However, Eastern European wolf populations were reduced to very low numbers by the late 19th century. In Eastern Europe, some wolves remained because of the area's contiguity with Asia and its large forested areas. Last wolf to be killed in central Finland ( Karstula, 1911) In 1883, up to 1,386 wolves were killed, with many more by poison. The louveterie was abolished after the French Revolution in 1789, but was reestablished in 1814. Wolf hunting in France was first institutionalized by Charlemagne between 800 and 813, when he established the louveterie, a special corps of wolf hunters. The last free-living wolf to be killed on the soil of present-day Germany before 1945 was the so-called " Tiger of Sabrodt", which was shot near Hoyerswerda, Lusatia (then Lower Silesia) in 1904. In 1934, Nazi Germany became the first state in modern history to place the wolf under protection, though the species was already extirpated in Germany at this point. In Switzerland, wolves were extirpated in the 20th century they are naturally coming back from Italy since the 1990s. In Bavaria, the last wolf was killed in 1847, and had disappeared from the Rhine regions by 1899. In Central Europe, wolves were dramatically reduced in number during the early 19th century, because of organized hunts and reductions in ungulate populations. The gray wolf was only present in the eastern and northern parts of Finland by 1900, though its numbers increased after World War II. The species was decimated in 20th century Finland, despite regular dispersals from Russia. The gray wolf was extirpated in Denmark in 1772 and Norway's last wolf was killed in 1973. By 1960, few wolves remained in Sweden, because of the use of snowmobiles in hunting them, with the last specimen being killed in 1966. The Sami extirpated wolves in northern Sweden in organized drives. A wolf bounty was introduced in Sweden in 1647, after the extirpation of moose and reindeer forced wolves to feed on livestock. The extirpation of wolves in Ireland followed a similar course, with the last wolf believed to have been killed in 1786. Wolves managed to survive in the forests of Braemar and Sutherland until 1684. Wolves lasted longer in Scotland, where they sheltered in vast tracts of forest, which were subsequently burned down. In England, wolf eradication was enforced by legislation, and the last wolf was killed in the early 16th century during the reign of Henry VII (reigned 1485–1509). The extirpation of Northern Europe's wolves first became an organized effort during the Middle Ages, and continued until the late 19th century. Wolf populations strongly declined across Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries largely due to human persecution, and by the End of World War II in Europe they had been extirpated from all of Central Europe and almost all of Northern Europe. See also: Wolves in Great Britain and Wolves in Ireland In Africa the population of wolves is limited to the northern regions with the African golden wolf ( Canis lupaster) north of the Sahara and the Ethiopian wolf ( Canis simensis) in Ethiopia. Despite these threats, because of the gray wolf's relatively widespread range and stable population, it is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. Competition with humans for livestock and game species, concerns over the danger posed by wolves to people, and habitat fragmentation pose a continued threat to the species. Wolf population declines have been arrested since the 1970s, and have fostered recolonization and reintroduction in parts of its former range, due to legal protection, changes in land-use and rural human population shifts to cities. In modern history, the gray wolf occurs mostly in wilderness and remote areas, particularly in Canada, Alaska, the Northern United States, Europe and Asia from about the 75th parallel north to the 12th parallel north. The species is now extirpated (made locally extinct) in much of Western Europe, Mexico, and the contiguous United States, and completely from the British Isles and the Japanese archipelago. However, deliberate human persecution has reduced the species' range to about one-third, because of livestock predation and fear of wolf attacks on humans. Originally, wolves occurred in Eurasia above the 12th parallel north and in North America above the 15th parallel north. Wolf distribution is the species distribution of the wolf ( Canis lupus). Arctic wolf, one of the northernmost occurring populations of wolves
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